| The murder of Caesar - 44Bc | | | | which he became the master of the Roman world. |
| The Battle of Pharsalia made Caesar lord of Rome. | | | | After assuming control of government, he began |
| He then had to deal with Africa which was in revolt. | | | | extensive reforms of Roman society and |
| A short campaign ended in the victory being | | | | government. He heavily centralised the bureaucracy |
| announced in the Senate as Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I | | | | of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed |
| saw, I conquered). He returned to Rome and took | | | | "dictator in perpetuity" (dictator perpetuo). A group |
| supreme command; the Republic was at an end. | | | | of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, |
| Now the head of the army controlled the empire. | | | | assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March |
| Unlike Marius and Sulla, Caesar proclaimed a general | | | | (March 15) in 44 BC, hoping to restore the normal |
| pardon for all his former opponents, not one was put | | | | running of the Republic. However, the result was |
| to death. He; then instituted a number of popular | | | | another Roman civil war, which ultimately led to the |
| reforms, but some jealous men who wished to | | | | establishment of a permanent autocracy by Caesar's |
| restore the Republic waited for him in the Forum and | | | | adopted heir, Gaius Octavianus. In 42 BC, two years |
| stabbed him to death. | | | | after his assassination, the Senate officially sanctified |
| A Second Triumvirate was formed consisting of | | | | Caesar as one of the Roman deities. |
| Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), Lepidus and | | | | Much of Caesar's life is known from his own |
| Octavius, Caesar’s heir. | | | | Commentaries (Commentarii) on his military |
| His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to | | | | campaigns, and other contemporary sources such as |
| the North Sea, and he also conducted the first | | | | the letters and speeches of his political rival Cicero, |
| Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC. The collapse of | | | | the historical writings of Sallust, and the poetry of |
| the triumvirate, however, led to a stand-off with | | | | Catullus. Many more details of his life are recorded by |
| Pompey and the Senate. Leading his legions across | | | | later historians, such as Appian, Suetonius, Plutarch, |
| the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from | | | | Cassius Dio and Strabo. |