| Castles remind us of a time that was full
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| | bailey. With this new style of castles
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| of adventure and romance. Castles remind
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| | came a new construction material. Stone
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| us of a time in history in which there
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| | became the only material to build one's
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| was a lack of government and order.
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| | castle out of because it made castles
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| Although there was not mass confusion and
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| | much stronger against attack. The tower
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| anarchy, there was less order. Castles
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| | of London is an example of a masonry
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| were the basis of feudalism. Castles can
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| | castle. The ideal stone for castles was
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| be seen as a manifestation of feudal
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| | the fine limestone of Caen in Normandy.
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| society. Feudalism started with the rise
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| | This limestone was soft when first
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| of castles and ended with their end. The
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| | quarried, but gradually became hard as it
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| castle set the tone as the only homestead
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| | was exposed to air. To insulate against
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| that nobility would live in during this
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| | the cold stone walls of castles, the
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| time. Castles were influenced by and
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| | women made tapestries for the walls. The
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| influenced many medieval cathedrals in
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| | tapestries almost always contained a
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| Europe. Although castles served many
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| | story relating to the castle. One of the
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| purposes, their primary purpose was
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| | most famous tapestries is the Bayeux
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| military. At that time, people were not
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| | Tapestry. It depicts the Norman knights
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| protected by merely shutting and locking
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| | before Hastings in 1066. Since they were
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| a regular wooden door. They needed the
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| | now using stone, castle builders were
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| protection of castles and their knights.
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| | able to integrate defenses into the
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| The lords and constables of castles
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| | castles.Castles needed to have defenses.
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| needed serfs to work the land to make
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| | They were not made impregnable. They were
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| revenue in order to pay rent to the more
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| | made so that it would take an enormous
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| important nobles. Given the following
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| | amount of artillery and money to take the
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| evidence, it is relatively obvious why
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| | castle. They were made so that it would
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| castles and castle building played an
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| | take a large amount of time to take a
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| instrumental role in the development of
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| | castle. The castle of Newcastle at Tyne
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| Western Europe.Castles are unique to a
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| | was far from impregnable in 1173, but it
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| time in history known as medieval times.
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| | was strong enough to make an ill-prepared
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| The word medieval in our times is an
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| | Scottish King William think twice about a
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| insult to anything as is the word feudal.
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| | siege: "Well sees the king of Scotland
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| Through the haze and ruins, one can
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| | that he will never complete the conquest
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| imagine dungeons, chivalrous knights, and
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| | of Newcastle on Tyne without military
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| mighty Lords who ruled the land and
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| | engines" (Ibid 80). Some defenses used by
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| protected the common peasant from
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| | castles were machiolations. Machiolations
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| barbarians and other invaders. The rise
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| | were projecting battlements to protect
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| of castles marked the rise of feudalism.
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| | against arrows and other weapons. They
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| This was all started by the crusades. The
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| | were at the top of the wall surrounding
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| majority of the knights and nobles went
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| | the castle. Arrowslits or arrow loops
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| to liberate the holy land from the
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| | were slits that were cut into stone to
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| Muslims. The Crusades influenced castle
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| | allow sharpshooters a place to shoot.
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| builders back in Europe. Ideas were
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| | They were angled so that the sharpshooter
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| gathered from Muslim and Byzantine
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| | was protected from oncoming projectiles.
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| fortifications. Because of the lack of
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| | Another defense used was Greek fire. This
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| protection in Europe, a castle's strength
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| | was an incendiary device that was used
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| needed to be increased because of the
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| | against wooden attack machines. The
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| ever-present threat of a Muslim invasion.
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| | ingredients of Greek fire are a mystery.
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| The end of Feudalism also marked the end
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| | It is thought that it contained some of
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| of the middle ages and hence the end of
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| | the following components: crude oil,
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| the great castle era.Castles integrated
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| | refined oil, naphtha, pitch, resin,
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| the combination of residence and
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| | sulfur, quicklime, and bitumen. This
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| fortress. The first castle dates back to
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| | deadly mixture was put on an arrow and
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| King Sargon II of Khorsabad in ancient
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| | then shot onto one of the attacking
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| Egypt. He erected a grand palace for
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| | machines and it gave explosive results.
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| himself to protect him and his subjects.
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| | Greek fire was probably developed in the
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| The first recorded references to castles
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| | seventh century by the Byzantines for
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| was the Edict of Pistes by Charles the
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| | naval warfare. Greek fire was a morale
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| Bald, king of the West Franks. "We will
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| | builder for the defenders during a siege.
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| and expressly command that whoever at
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| | The Lord of Joinville described Greek
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| this time has made castles and
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| | fire as "This Greek fire was suck that
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| fortifications and enclosures without our
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| | seen from the front as it darted towards
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| out permission shall have them demolished
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| | us it appeared as large as a vessel of
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| by the First of August" (Brown
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| | verjuice, and the tail of the fire that
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| Architecture of Castles 13). Other castle
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| | streamed behind it was as long as the
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| laws were the Norman Institutions handed
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| | shaft of a great lance. The noise it made
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| down by William the Conqueror after he
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| | in coming was like that of a thunderbolt
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| took over England. One law says that no
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| | falling from the skies; it seemed like a
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| one shall raise castles in Normandy
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| | dragon flying through the air. The light
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| without the Duke's license.An ideal
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| | this huge, flaming mass shed all around
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| castle site was one that had natural
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| | it was so bright that you could see right
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| obstacles for defense such as steep
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| | through the camp as clearly as if it were
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| hillsides and water. Castles that were
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| | day. Three times that night the enemy
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| built on rocks or islands were especially
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| | slung Greek fire at us from their
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| effective. An example of this is Bodiam
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| | petraries, and three times they shot it
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| in Sussex which was the home of Sir
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| | from their arbalestres a tour" (Ibid
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| Edward Dalyngrigge in 1385. A moat
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| | 88).Weapons were used against castles
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| offered good protection, but building on
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| | during a siege included the trebuchet,
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| a lake or river offered better
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| | mangonel, belfry, ballista, ram, and
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| protection. The site should not be too
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| | bore. The trebuchet was a big machine
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| remote. It should have water and building
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| | that flung artillery like a catapult. The
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| material readily available nearby. A site
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| | mangonel was similar to the trebuchet but
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| should have a good climate, good pasture,
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| | smaller and more maneuverable. Its
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| and ample fertile land. If a castle had
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| | strength was based on the tautness of the
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| all these things, it would increase its
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| | hemp, rope, or tightly twisted animal
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| chances of surviving a siege.A large
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| | sinew. Artillery used by these weapons
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| majority of early castles followed the
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| | include rocks, fireballs, and dead
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| motte and bailey design. These designs
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| | animals to spread disease. The belfry was
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| utilized earth and timber. A motte and
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| | a mobile tower which was built higher
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| bailey design is a design where the keep
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| | than the castle walls in order to scale
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| is on a hill or motte behind the bailey
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| | them during siege. The ballista was
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| which is the open area of the castle
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| | essentially a large crossbow that hurled
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| similar to a town square. A bridge
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| | rocks and other large boulders. The ram
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| usually connected the motte to the
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| | was a device that did what its name says.
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| bailey. The motte was a great mound of
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| | It was used to knock the portcullis or
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| earth or rock. Sometimes it was
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| | gate down. The bore was a device used by
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| artificial, but the majority of the time
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| | the attackers during a tactic known as
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| it was authentic. At its base there was a
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| | mining. They mined from their camps to
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| deep trench that resembled a moat. This
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| | the castle walls. They would set up a
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| was used as defense. Surrounding the
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| | support then start a fire to break down
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| motte was a wall of timber. The motte
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| | the castle walls. The defenders of the
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| also contained the keep which is where
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| | castle also used this tactic to counter
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| the lord of the manor and his family
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| | the attackers siege. They would watch the
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| lived. The keep was the innermost part of
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| | moat to see the vibrations caused by the
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| the castle. It was the last defense
| |
| | attackers shovels. Then they would start
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| against attack. The keep has also been
| |
| | a counter mine. This was the most
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| referred to as the donjon. This is where
| |
| | effective tactic used in a siege but it
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| the French got the word dungeon meaning
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| | was the most dangerous. It was dark, had
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| the jail or place to hold prisoners.
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| | contaminated or little air and there was
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| Surrounding the entire premises was a
| |
| | always a threat that the tunnel would
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| wooden fence that was at least ten feet
| |
| | cave in or be caved in by the castle's
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| in height. These wooden stakes were then
| |
| | garrison.Castles were not just fortresses
|
| implanted in the ground for support. The
| |
| | but also residences of the nobility. It
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| fence sometimes stood upon posts to allow
| |
| | is this balance of military and
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| men to get through. During a siege, the
| |
| | residential qualities which make a castle
|
| perimeter would be covered with wet
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| | so different from other fortifications.
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| animal skins to curb the threat of arson.
| |
| | Castles had all the best furnishings and
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| Most motte and bailey castles were built
| |
| | colors. They had chapels because Europe
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| before William the Conqueror's conquest
| |
| | was a Christian continent. They
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| in 1066.Walter the Archdeacon wrote a
| |
| | occasionally had more than one. On the
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| biography of John, bishop of Therouanne
| |
| | castle property were things like gardens,
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| about 1130. In it he describes Merchem
| |
| | parks, vineyards, dovecotes, fishponds,
|
| Castle near Dixmude: "There was, near the
| |
| | mills, and stables. Castle were not as
|
| porch of the church, a fortress which we
| |
| | primitive as we think them to be. They
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| may call a castle... exceedingly high,
| |
| | had some of the conveniences that we have
|
| built after the custom of that land by
| |
| | today. They had a form of a toilet. It
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| the lord of the town many years before.
| |
| | was a toilet made of stone. People who
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| For it is the habit of the magnates and
| |
| | wished to use it had to bring some
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| nobles of those parts... to raise a mound
| |
| | material to protect themselves from the
|
| of earth as high as they can and surround
| |
| | cold stone. The waste would eventually
|
| it with a ditch as broad as possible. The
| |
| | drain to a river by way of an underground
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| top of this mound they completely enclose
| |
| | pool. These cesspits would often have to
|
| with a palisade of hewn logs bound close
| |
| | be cleaned out by dung farmers.Not all
|
| together like a wall, with towers set in
| |
| | castles were extravagant fortresses that
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| its circuit so far as the site permits.
| |
| | housed kings and all his subjects. Many
|
| In the middle of the space within the
| |
| | castles were just built for the lord, his
|
| palisade they build a residence, or,
| |
| | family and a few servants. Other castles
|
| dominating everything, keep" (Brown
| |
| | that were not well protected or had no
|
| Architecture of Castles 21)Castle
| |
| | threat of attack were called fortified
|
| designers saw a need for improvement
| |
| | manors. The design of a castle was taken
|
| because wood and earth were not strong
| |
| | very seriously by the lords. There is
|
| and were not effective protection against
| |
| | reference to Aubree, wife of the Count of
|
| fire. There was also a need for bigger,
| |
| | Bayeux, executing on the spot, Lanfred,
|
| grander castles because noble visitors
| |
| | her master mason after he completed her
|
| did not travel alone so a castle would
| |
| | castle. She did this because she was so
|
| have to have enough room for the
| |
| | pleased with it that she didn't want him
|
| occasional visitor and his or her group.
| |
| | to build one like it for anyone
|
| The architects who designed castles were
| |
| | else.Castles were the basis of feudalism.
|
| known as master masons. They saw that
| |
| | They controlled the land and all within
|
| stone would be a more effective building
| |
| | it. A castle was a lord's response to a
|
| material. Although it was cold and hard
| |
| | mounted cavalry charge. Castles were
|
| to work with, it provided the much needed
| |
| | effective centers of military power and
|
| protection against fire. These newer
| |
| | territorial lordship whether or not the
|
| castles are called enclosure castles.
| |
| | king or prince was there. Castles are an
|
| Like motte and dailey designs, enclosures
| |
| | important part to history. They are
|
| castles had a wall protecting the
| |
| | phenomenal structures that still
|
| perimeter of the manor. However these
| |
| | influence modern houses today.You may
|
| castles were not built upon hills or
| |
| | visit and for instant access to over
|
| mottes. The keep of the castle was
| |
| | 45,000 plus term papers and essays. You
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| incorporated into the wall surrounding
| |
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| the property. These castles still had a
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